GRAMMAR ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause is used to describe a noun. A relative pronounis usually used to introduce an adjective clause.

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE PRONOUN atau RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun.

Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:

• I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.Main Clause: I have read the book.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

• The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1.      Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Orang)

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That

Who: used for humans in subject position (Subjek):

Examples :

-Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin

- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work

Whom: used for humans in object position (Objek kata kerja dan objek kata depan):
Examples :

-Marike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.

- He paid the man whom/that he had hired. (Objek kata kerja)

- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money. (objek kata depan)

Whose: used for humans, animalsi or objects to give information about their possessions (Kata Ganti Kepunyaan).

Examples :

- The girl whose dress is red is my best friend.

- This is the girl whose picture you saw.

2.      Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Benda, Binatang)

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that

That: used for humans, animals and things, in subject or object position (Subjek) but see below:

Examples:

- Marike is decorating a house that Hans designed.

- Here is a book that describes animals.

Which: used for things and animals in subject or object position (objek kata kerja dan kata depan) :
Examples :

- Marike has a dog which follows her everywhere.

- The chair which he broke is being repaired. (objek kata kerja)

- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00. (objek kata depan).

3.      Relative Adverbs

When: used for time (Kata Penghubung yang digunakan untuk menerangkan waktu)

Examples :

-My baby was born in the year when I moved to Italy.

- This is the year whenthe Olympic Games are held.

Where: used for places (Kata Penghubung yang digunakan untuk tempat)

Examples :

- The hotel where we stayed last summer was very beautiful.

Penggunaan WHO, WHOM, WHOSE

A. Penggunaan WHO vs WHOM

Relative pronoun who dan whom dua-duanya berarti “siapa” kalau digunakan dalam kalimat tanya dan noun clause. However, who dan whom dua-duanya akan berarti “yang” kalau digunakan dalam adjective clause.

Dalam formal writing or speaking, penggunaan who dan whom sedikit berbeda.

a. Penggunaan WHO vs WHOM dalam kalimat tanya

Dalam kalimat tanya (interrogative), who digunakan untuk menanyakan subject kalimat.

Pola penggunaan who adalah sebagai berikut:

Who + verb + object + …?

1. Who has this great car? (Siapa punya mobil bagus ini?).
2. Who was the first human to set foot on the moon surface? (Siapa orang yang pertama kali menginjakkan kaki di permukaan bulan?).
3. Who will accompany you to the party? (Siapa yang akan menemani kamu ke pesta itu?).

Kalau ketiga kalimat tanya di atas dijawab, maka akan terlihat bahwa who memang menggantikan subject kalimat.

1. My father has this great car. Atau disingkat:  My father does.
2. Neil Armstrong was the first human to set foot on the moon surface. Atau : Neil Armstrong was.
3. My cousin will. (Sepupuku).

Whom dalam kalimat tanya (interrogative) digunakan untuk untuk menanyakan object kalimat. Whom tidak pernah digunakan untuk menggantikan subject kalimat. Pola penggunaan whom adalah sebagai berikut:

Whom + auxiliary/kata bantu + subject + verb + …?

1. Whom do you love more? (Siapa yang lebih kamu cintai?).
2. For whom did he buy that necklace? For his girl friend? (Untuk siapa dia membeli kalung itu? Untuk pacarnya?).
3. With whom will you go to the party? (Dengan siapa kamu akan pergi ke pesta itu?).

Walaupun letak whom di awal kalimat, whom ini sebenarnya menanyakan atau menggantikan object kalimat. Perhatikan jawaban dari ketiga pertanyaan di atas berikut ini. (Yang dicetak tebal adalah kata-kata yang digantikan oleh whom dan berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.

1. I love you more. (Aku lebih mencintai kamu).
2. No, It was not for his girl friend. He bought that necklace for his sister. (Bukan, kalung itu bukan untuk pacarnya. Dia membeli kalung itu untuk adiknya). Dalam kalimat ini that necklace adalah direct object, sedangkan his sister adalah indirect object.
3. I will go to the party with my cousin. (Aku akan pergi ke pesta itu dengan sepupuku).

b. Penggunaan WHO vs WHOM dalam noun clause dan adjective clause

Penggunaan who dalam noun clause dan adjective clause adalah sama dengan penggunaan who pada kalimat tanya, yaitu untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai subject kalimat.

1. Would you tell me who has this car? (noun clause)
2. Neil Armstrong, who was the first human to set foot on the moon surface, is from the United States. (adjective clause).
3. I’d like to know who will accompany you to the party. (noun clause).

Dan begitu juga dengan penggunaan whom. Pada noun clause dan adjective clause, whom digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai object kalimat. Bedanya dengan kalimat tanya adalah tidak digunakannya atau tidak dilakukan inversi auxiliary ke depan subject kalimat. Dengan kata lain, setelah whom langsung diikuti oleh subject kalimat. Pola ini telah banyak dibahas pada topik: How to Address Questions dan Cara Membuat Embedded Questions.

1. Please tell me whom you love more! (Tolong kasi tahu aku siapa yang lebih kamu cintai). Noun clause. Perhatikan: kata bantu DO dihilangkan karena kata bantu DO tidak digunakan dalam embedded question.
2. Do you know for whom he bought that necklace? (Apakah kamu tahu untuk siapa dia membeli kalung itu?). Noun clause.
3. My cousin with whom I will go to the party is very pretty? (Sepupuku orang yang akan aku ajak ke pesta itu adalah sangat cantik). Adjective clause.

Remember: Selalu gunakan rules di atas in FORMAL writing or formal speaking (misalnya dalam ujian di sekolah dan test TOEFL).

In informal writing or speaking, however, native English speakers lebih sering menggunakan who untuk menggantikan object kalimat.

1. Please tell me who you love more!
2. Do you know who he bought that necklace for ?
3. My cousin who I will go to the party with is very pretty?

Selain itu, bule juga sering menggunakan THAT untuk menggantikan orang yang posisinya sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

1. The first human that set foot on the moon surface was Neil Armstrong. Adjective clause.
2. You’d better get dressed now because the beautiful girl that you told me last night will come over to our place in less than an hour. (Kamu sebaiknya ganti pakaian sekarang sebab cewek cantik yang kamu bilang ke aku tadi malam akan mampir ke tempat (rumah) kita dalam waktu kurang dari satu jam).

B. Penggunaan WHOSE

Relative pronoun whose jika digunakan dalam kalimat tanya juga berarti “siapa”, sedangkan jika digunakan dalam noun clause dan adjective clause biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi “nya”. Hal ini tergantung pada konteks kalimat.

a. Penggunaan WHOSE dalam kalimat tanya

Berbeda dengan penggunaan who dan whom, penggunaan whose pada umumnya diikuti oleh noun (i.e. whose + noun), dan digunakan untuk menyatakan kepemilikan  (siapa yang punya) noun tersebut. Pola kalimat tanya yang menggunakan whose adalah:

Whose noun + verb + object + …? (jika yang ditanyakan adalah subject kalimat; Lihat contoh1&2 di bawah)

Whose noun + auxilliary/kata bantu + verb + object + …? (jika yang ditanyakan adalah object kalimat; Lihat contoh 3-4)

1. Whose car is this? (Mobil siapa ini?) = Who has this car?
2. Whose money got stolen? (Uang siapa yang dicuri?) = Who has the money that got stolen?
3. Whose book did you copy? (Buku siapa yang kamu copy?) = Who has the book (that) you copied?
4. Whose cloth are you wearing? (Bajunya siapa yang sedang kamu pakai?) = Who has the cloth (that) you are wearing?

b. Penggunaan WHOSE dalam noun clause dan adjective clause

Dalam noun clause dan adjective clause, makna whose pada prinsipnya sama dengan his, her, its, dan their.

1. I know the man whose car was parked in front of your house. (Aku tahu cowok yang mobilnya diparkir di depan rumahmu). Adjective clause. whose car = his car.
2. The juries are still debating whose performance was the best. (Para juri masih sedang berdebat performa siapa yang terbaik). Noun clause. whose performance = his/her performance.
3. Some Indonesian people have historic sculptures whose values are inestimable in their house. (Beberapa orang Indonesia punya patung-patung bersejarah yang nilainya tidak dapat diprediksi (saking mahalnya) di rumah mereka).  Adjective clause. whose values = their values. 
4. We will leave the apartment whose rent will soon be sharply increased . (Kami akan meninggalkan (pindah dari) apartement yang sewanya akan segera dinaikkan secara tajam. whose rent = its rent. 

sumber :
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-adjective-relative-clause
http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/01/Pengertian-Contoh-Adjective-Clause.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2012/10/adjective-clauses.html
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj.htm

the condition of economic development in Indonesia since the government of President Soekarno to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

On this occasion, I will explain the condition of economic development in Indonesia since the government of President Soekarno to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

1.      ECONOMIC ORDER INDONESIA LONG TIME.

When our country is independent, in 1945. Economic conditions of the state of our country is very poor, it is because :

a.       Inflation is very high. This is due to the release of more than one currency in our country are very uncontrollable. At that time, the Indonesian government temporarily claimed three prevailing currency in the region of Indonesia, namely De Javashe Bank's currency, the currency of the Netherlands East Indies, and the Japanese occupation currency. the amount of money circulating in our country caused prices in our country be increased.

b.      Existence of economic blockade by the Netherlands since November 1945 to close the door Indonesian foreign trade.

c.       Cash empty state.

d.      Exploitation massive future colonization.

Effort - The work done to overcome the economic difficulties:

a.       Nation we do a loan program by the finance minister IR.

b.      Efforts blockade by offering 500,000 tons of rice aid to India (as India is a country which has the same fate as ever in colonize Indonesia) and India handed over the drugs to Indonesia.

c.       Economics Conference in February 1946, which aims to obtain unanimous agreement when tackling the economic problems that the prodding, such as: production problems, food, clothing.

d.      Establishment of Planning Board (Board Designer Economics) on 19 January 1947.

These efforts continue year after year to change the Indonesian economy bit by bit. Guided Democracy and the time around the year 1959 to 1967. As a result of the July 5, 1959 decree of the President of Indonesia to run the contents of guided democracy system everything better economic structure governed entirely by the Indonesian government.

This is done in order to bring prosperity Indonesian society. however, this policy has not been able to improve the state of conditions in the country. this is in view when the government makes the money of Rp 1,000 to Rp. 1.

So the new rupiah should be rewarded 1000 fold rupiah old, but new people rupiah appreciated only 10-fold higher. So the government action to suppress the inflation rate actually increases the rate of inflation.

2.      Indonesian Economy In The New Order.

At the beginning of the new order, when Suharto was president of Indonesia is currently serving the economic condition in Indonesia is very bad, the level of inflation in our country reached 650% per year.

President Suharto saai it adds a step that has been done previously by Sukarno. and turns Suharto succeed in reducing inflation from 650% to below 15% in less than two years.

To curb inflation so high, Suharto did much different from previous presidents, he makes the budget, issuing banks, restore the economy and embrace the western countries to attract capital.

In addition Suharto in the 1970s also boost oil extraction and mining. Thus increasing revenues from oil and gas. From 0.6% billion in 1973 and now reaches 10.6% billion in 1980.

The climax of the policy is ketiaka income from oil and gas equal to 80% of the Indonesian export. With this policy, Indonesia can advance in development under the new order.

3.      GOVERNMENT TRANSITION.

The economic crisis has alarming impact on the increase in unemployment, both in urban and rural areas, declining purchasing power, education and health as well as the number of poor degenerate therefore appears to increase social safety net policy

Which led to a remarkable achievement that the exchange rate of Rp.16.000 be Rp.6.000.

4.      GOVERNMENT REFORM

Occurs and there is much confusion about future policy perekonomian.Pada Wahid, Indonesia's credit rating has fluctuated, from CCC ratings fell to DDD and climbed back to the CCC.

One of the main causes is the impact of the financial crisis in 1998 which was brought up to reign.

5.      FUTURE LEADERSHIP Megawati

Megawati's Indonesian republic was inaugurated as president on 23 July 2001. During his reign many issues that must be faced. One very important issue is economic recovery and enforcement policies adopted to tackle the problem include:

a.       Era of Soeharto's leadership has inherited a foreign debt (public and private) of U.S. $ 150.80 BILLION. Megawati policy in addressing this problem is to ask for a delay debt payments of U.S. $ 5.8 billion to the Paris Club meeting to-3 dated 12 April 2002. In 2003, the government mengakolasikan payment of foreign debt amounting to Rp116, 3 billion. Through the policy of Indonesian foreign debt decreased to U.S. $ 134.66 billion. One of the most important decisions megawati also is Indonesia terminate its cooperation with the IMF.

b.      Economic crisis that hit Indonesia since 1997, resulting in deterioration of per capita income. In 1997 the per capita income of only U.S. $ 465 Indonesia. restoration of security policy through Indonesian situation becomes calm. President Megawati succeeded in significantly raising per capita income of around U.S. $ 930.vv

c.       Tranquility megawati welcomed by the market, less than a month inducted rate jumped to Rp 8,500 per U.S. dollar. Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI) also continued to improve until skyrocketed to number 800.

d.      In order to increase economic growth and put pressure on inflation, the president megawati take a very controversial move, which is to privatize state enterprises. The government sold Indosat in 2003. Proceeds successfully raised Indonesia's economic growth to 4.1% and 5.06% inflansi only. Privatization is selling state enterprises in a period of crisis. The goal is to protect the company's state of interversi political forces and pay off foreign debt payments.

e.       Improve the performance of exports. In 2002 the export value reached U.S. $ 57.158 billion and imports reached U.S. $ 31.229 billion. In 2003 exports also rose keangka U.S. $ 61.02 billion and imports increased keangka U.S. $ 32.39 billion.

f.       Policy megawati president for eradicating corruption eradication commission to realize the establishment korusi (KPK). Although the Commission has been established because there is no concrete breakthrough that stands out. RI ranked as the most corrupt country still deteriorating. In 2002, out of 102 countries Indonesia was ranked 4th. in 2003 Indonesia was ranked 6th out of 133 countries prosecutor appointment General MA Rachman does not give the sense of a very significant law enforcement. Without any emphatic rhetoric about corruption enforcement.

6.      GOVERNMENT Mutual Aid

Step president to embrace the political parties which lost the 2009 elections are part of a policy of Soft Power, or policies to work together in building the nation and the state. This is similar to the Cabinet Mutual-Aid in the past.

The state of the economic system of Indonesia during the rule of mutual aid has the following characteristics:

a.       Due to low economic growth is still lacking mainly due to the development of investment is still unstable political and social conditions in the country.

b.      In terms of exports, since 2000, the value of Indonesia's non-oil exports continued to decline from 62.1 billion dollars to 56.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2001, and in 2002 to 42.56 billion U.S. dollars.

7.      GOVERNMENT INDONESIA UNITE (era SBY - Boediono)

United Indonesia Cabinet cabinet Indonesian government is divided into Indonesian Cabinet united volumes I and II. Cabinet Indonesia united Volume I is a sixth form of government led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla at the time (2004 - 2009) and the first president elected through direct elections system in Indonesia, while volume II united Indonesia Cabinet, led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Dr. Boediono which is a form of government for the past seven (2009-2014).

  

United Indonesia Cabinet Volume I is formed on October 21, 2004 and ended in 2009 replaced the previous cabinet led mutual aid and Hamzah megawati haz on December 5, 2005.

In Indonesia unite vol 1 that in 2004 to 2009 in our State debt skyrocketed dramatically from 1275 trillion to 1667 trillion government of SBY "very successful" in debt borrow task. With the current system of government policy Yudhoyono, the Indonesian people are forced to bear the burden of bailing out the rich bankers who have been through a variety of subsidies such as education circumcision (BHP) and health.

At the same time, the people who did not make mistakes and have never enjoyed the debt, should pay for oil / fuel, electricity and water are expensive, so the state could pay the debt plus debt in the state education subsidy and oil pull with no apparent reason.

Morals of our nation is no longer good people who are in a position above the middle or the bottom. Now its time Indonesia united volume II we can not directly determine how the performance of the present government as they had served 2 years.

There are still 2 more years to fix the future. But look at the Indonesian economy today it's hard to stabilize the economy such as the construction during the reign of president Suharto first.

There are so many issues important issue in government jamann volumes I and II know just disappear without end core and root of the problem where it starts. Indonesian Pemerintaan Volume I and Volume II policy however, ministers and so we as a society just expects the government to improve the country's economic growth will also affect the growing prosperity of the people of Indonesia that is still no progress.

Conclusion: Of the various cases that we know about the economy in Indonesia since the Old Order until now, it can be concluded that the economic situation our country is experiencing ups and downs. Our country can achieve economic growth that can be said is successful when the Suharto government during the old order. But sooner or later, our nation's economy turmoil, it can be seen from:

a.       Poverty in our country is increasing.

b.      Unemployment is rising because fewer jobs compared with the labor force.

c.       Still there are children who can not feel education.

d.      Increasingly the corrupt-free.

e.       Still has debts to foreign